Trading on line significato

A stock trader or equity trader or share trader is a person or company involved in trading equity securities. Stock traders may be an agent, hedgerarbitrageurspeculatorstockbroker or investor. A stock investor is an individual or company who puts money to use by the purchase of equity securities, offering potential profitable returns, as interest, income, or appreciation significato value capital gains.

This buy-and-hold long term strategy is passive in nature, as opposed to speculationwhich is typically active in nature. Many stock speculators will trade bonds and possibly other financial assets as well. Stock speculation is a risky and complex occupation because the direction of the markets are generally unpredictable and lack transparency, also financial regulators are sometimes unable to adequately detect, prevent and remediate irregularities committed by malicious listed companies or other financial market participants.

In addition, the financial markets are usually subjected to speculation. Stock speculators are often ambiguously categorized line stock traders, if trading in that capacity, as it sounds more acceptable to the general public. Individuals or firms trading equity stock on the stock markets as their principal capacity are often called stock traders.

Stock speculators usually try to profit from short-term price volatility with trades lasting anywhere from several seconds to several weeks.

The stock speculator is usually a professional. In this case, the financial manager could be an independent professional or a large bank corporation employee. This may include managers dealing with investment fundshedge fundsmutual fundsand pension fundsor other professionals in venture capitalequity investmentfund managementand wealth management. These organized investors, are sometimes referred to as institutional investors. Several different types of stock trading strategies or approaches exist including day tradingtrend followingmarket makingscalping tradingmomentum tradingtrading the newsand arbitrage.

On the other hand, stock investors are firms or individuals who purchase stocks with the intention of holding them for an extended period of time, usually several months to years, for passive income objectives such as dividend accumulation.

They rely primarily on fundamental analysis for their investment decisions and fully recognize stock shares as part-ownership in the company. Many investors believe in the buy and hold strategy, which as the name suggests, implies that investors will buy stock ownership in a corporation and hold onto those stocks for the very long term, generally measured in years.

This strategy was made popular in the equity bull market of the s and 90s where buy-and-hold investors rode out short-term market declines and continued to hold as the market returned to its previous highs and beyond. DJIA or SPX which lasts at least two months. Traders engage in buying and selling bonds, stocks, futures and shares in hedge funds.

A stock trader also conducts extensive research and observation of how financial markets perform. This is accomplished through economic and microeconomic study; consequently, more advanced stock traders will delve into macroeconomics and industry specific technical analysis to track asset or corporate performance.

Other duties of a stock trader include comparison of financial analysis to current and future regulation of his or her occupation. Professional stock traders who work for a financial company, are required to complete an internship of up to four months before becoming established in their career field. In the United Statesfor line, internship is followed up by taking and passing a Financial Industry Regulatory Authority -administered Series 63 or 65 exam.

Stock traders who pass demonstrate familiarity with U. Securities and Exchange Commission SEC compliant practices and regulation. Stock traders with experience usually obtain a four-year degree in a financial, accounting or economics field after licensure. Supervisory positions as a trader may usually require an MBA for advanced stock market analysis. Treasury bonds would also be traded on a more fluctuating basis.

Stock traders just entering the field suffer since few entry-level positions exist. While entry into this career field is very competitive, increased ownership of stocks and trading funds drive substantial career growth of traders.

Banks were also offering more opportunities for people of average means to invest and speculate in stocks. In addition, trading activities are not free. Depending on the nature of each national or state legislation involved, a large array of fiscal obligations must be respected, and taxes are charged by jurisdictions over those transactions, dividends and capital gains that fall within their scope.

However, these fiscal obligations will vary from significato to jurisdiction. Among significato reasons, there could be some instances where taxation is already incorporated into the stock price through the differing legislation that companies have to comply with in their respective jurisdictions; or that tax free stock market operations are useful to boost economic growth.

Beyond these costs are the opportunity costs of money and time, currency risk, financial riskand Internet, data and news agency services and electricity trading expenses—all of which must line accounted for.

These types of operations are relatively simple and often reserved for novice traders who also specialize in exchange-traded funds ETFsfinancial products that mimic the performance of an index i. As they are easy to use, they facilitate trading diversification through the acquisition of contracts backed by a stock index or industry e.

The two traders were very familiar to control procedures. They worked in the back office, the administrative body of the bank that controls the regularity of operations, before moving to trading. According to the report of the Inspector General of Societe Generale, in and Kerviel "led" by taking to million-euro positions on the shares of Solarworld AG listed in Germany.

Moreover, the "unauthorized trading" of Kweku Adoboli, similar to Kerviel, did not date back a long way. Since the advent of Internet bankingan Internet connection is commonly used to manage positions.

They may use several information resources, some of which are strictly technical. These points give a cue to speculators, as to where prices will head for the day, prompting each speculator where to enter his trade, and where to exit. An added tool for the stock picker is the use of "stock screens".

Primary benefit associated with stock screens is its ability to return a small group of stocks for further analysis, among tens of thousands, that fit the requirements requested. There is criticism on the validity of using these technical indicators in analysis, and many professional stock speculators do not use them.

Although many companies offer courses in stock picking, and numerous experts report success trading technical analysis and fundamental analysismany economists and academics state that because of the efficient-market hypothesis EMH it is unlikely that any amount of analysis can help an investor make any gains above the stock market itself.

In the distribution of investors, many academics believe that the richest are simply outliers in such a distribution i. When money is put into the stock market, it is done with the aim of generating a return on the capital invested. Many investors try not only to make a profitable return, but also to outperform, or beat, the market. Thus, according to the EMH, no investor has an advantage in predicting a return on a stock price because no one has access to information significato already available to everyone else.

In efficient markets, prices become not predictable but random, so trading investment pattern can be discerned. Significato planned approach to investment, therefore, cannot be successful. This "random walk" of prices, commonly spoken about in the EMH school of thought, results significato the failure of any investment significato that aims to beat the market consistently.

In fact, the EMH suggests that given the transaction costs involved in portfolio management, it would be more profitable for an investor to put his or her money into an index fund.

In Benoit Mandelbrot analyzed the variations of cotton prices on a time series starting in There were two important findings. Instead, the data showed a great frequency of extreme variations. Surprisingly, these patterns of self-similarity were present during the entire perioda violent epoch that had seen a Great Depression and two world wars. Mandelbrot used his fractal theory to explain the presence of extreme events in Wall Street. The basic idea that relates fractals to financial markets is that the probability of experiencing extreme fluctuations like the ones triggered by herd behavior is greater than what conventional wisdom wants us to believe.

This of course delivers a more accurate vision of risk in the world of finance. The central objective in financial markets is to maximize income for a given level of risk. Standard models for this are based on the premise that the probability of extreme variations of asset prices is very low. These models rely on the assumption that asset price fluctuations are the result of a well-behaved random or stochastic process.

This is why mainstream models such as the famous Black-Scholes model use normal probabilistic distributions to describe price movements.

For all practical purposes, extreme variations can be ignored. Mandelbrot thought this was an awful way to look at financial markets.

For him, trading distribution of price movements is not normal and has the property of kurtosiswhere fat tails abound. This is a more faithful trading of financial markets: the movements of the Dow index for the past hundred years reveals a troubling frequency of violent movements.

Still, conventional models used by the time of the financial crisis ruled out these extreme variations and considered they can only happen every 10,000 years. Other contributions of his work for the study of stock market behaviour are the creation of new approaches to evaluate risk and avoid unanticipated financial collapses. Throughout the stock markets history, there have been dozens of scandals involving listed companies, stock investing methods and brokerage. A classical case related to insider trading of listed companies involved Raj Rajaratnam and its hedge fund management firm, the Galleon Group.

On Friday October 16,he was arrested by the FBI and accused of conspiring with others in insider trading in several publicly traded companies. On January 7,its Chairman Raju resigned after line announcing his involvement in a massive accounting fraud. Ramalinga Raju was sent to the Hyderabad prison along with his brother and former board member Rama Raju, and the former CFO Vadlamani Srinivas.

When the scandal was made known, the share price of Parmalat in the Milan Stock Exchange tumbled. Parmalat had sold itself credit-linked notesin effect placing a bet on its own credit worthiness in order to conjure up an asset out of thin air. Tanzi was sentenced to 10 years in prison for fraud relating to the collapse of the dairy group. The other seven defendants, including executives and bankers, were acquitted.

It is the ultimate market-timing strategy. While all the attention that day trading attracts seems to suggest that the theory is sound, critics argue that, if that were so, at least one famous money manager would have mastered the system and claimed the title of "the Warren Buffett of day trading".

The long list of successful investors that have become legends in their own time does not include a single individual that built his or her reputation by day trading. Even Michael Linewho made his fortune trading in time horizons ranging from 30 minutes to 30 days, claimed to take a long-term perspective on his investment decisions.

From an economic perspective, many professional money managers and financial advisors shy away from day trading, arguing that the reward simply does not justify the risk.

Despite the controversy, market timing is neither illegal nor unethical. Attempting to make a profit is the reason investors invest, and buy low and sell high is the general goal of most investors although short-selling and arbitrage take a different approach, line success or failure of these strategies still depends on timing.

The problems with mutual fund trading that cast market timing in a negative light occurred because the prospectuses written by the mutual fund companies strictly forbid short-term trading. Despite this prohibition, special clients were allowed to do it anyway.

So, the problem was not with the trading strategy but rather with the unethical and unfair implementation of that strategy, which permitted some investors to engage in it while excluding others. Whether they base their buy-sell decisions on fundamental analysis of the markets, technical analysis of individual companies, personal intuition, or all of the above, the ultimate reason line their success involves making the right trades at the right time.

In most cases, those decisions involve extended periods of time and are based on buy-and-hold investment strategies. Value investing is a clear example, as the strategy is based on buying stocks that trade for less than their intrinsic values and selling them when their value is recognized in the marketplace. Most value investors are known for their patience, as undervalued stocks often remain undervalued for significant periods of time.

Some investors choose a blend of technical, fundamental and environmental factors to influence where and when they invest. Financial fail and unsuccessful stories related with stock trading abound. Every year, a lot of money is wasted in non-peer-reviewed and largely unregulated publications and courses attended by credulous people that get persuaded and take the bill, hoping getting rich by trading on the markets. This allow widespread promotion of inaccurate and unproven trading methods for stocks, bonds, commodities, or Forexwhile generating sizable revenues for unscrupulous authors, advisers and self-titled trading gurus.

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